Yemeni crisis

The Yemeni crisis began with the 2011–2012 revolution against President Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for 33 years.^[1]^[2] After Saleh left office in early 2012 as part of a mediated agreement between the Yemeni government and opposition groups, the government led by Saleh's former vice president, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, struggled to unite the fractious political landscape of the country and fend off threats both from Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and from Houthi militants that had been waging a protracted insurgency in the north for years.^[3]^[4]^[5]

In September 2014, the Houthi insurgency transformed into a full-blown civil war as Houthi fighters swept into the capital of Sana'a and forced Hadi to negotiate a "unity government" with other political factions.^[3] The rebels continued to apply pressure on the weakened government until, after his presidential palace and private residence came under attack from the militant group, Hadi resigned along with his ministers in January 2015.^[6]^[7]

The following month, the Houthis declared themselves in control of the Yemeni government, dissolving the Parliament, and installing an interim Revolutionary Committee led by Mohammed Ali al-Houthi, a cousin of Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi.^[6]^[7] Hadi escaped to Aden, where he declared that he remains Yemen's legitimate president, proclaimed the country's temporary capital, and called on loyal government officials and members of the military to rally to him.^[8]^[9]

On 27 March 2015, the BBC reported that Hadi had "fled rebel forces in the city of Aden" and subsequently "arrived in Saudi Arabia's capital Riyadh" as "Saudi authorities began air strikes in Yemen".^[10] Since 2017 the separatist Southern Transitional Council (STC) has also fought against the government.^[3]

^ Hendawi, Hamza (12 October 2014). "Yemen's crisis reflects arc of Arab Spring revolts". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ al-Naggar, Mona (6 February 2015). "In Yemen, Hard Times Remain a Constant as Rebels Take Charge". The New York Times. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Knights, Michael; al-Gabarni, Adnan; Coombs, Casey (21 October 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The Houthi Jihad Council: Command and Control in 'the Other Hezbollah'" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 15 (10). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ "Meet The Group That Now Rules Yemen". BuzzFeed. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
^ "Al-Qaeda thrives in Yemen amid weak security, stalled dialogue". Al Arabiya. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b al-Haj, Ahmed (6 February 2015). "Yemen's Shiite rebels announce takeover of country". The Columbian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Houthi militia installs 'presidential council' to run Yemen". Middle East Eye. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
^ "Yemen's Hadi denies Aden secession". Anadolu Agency. 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ Kerr, Simeon (26 February 2015). "UN and Gulf back Yemeni president Hadi amid fears of civil war". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ "President Hadi leaves Yemen as Saudi-led raids continue". BBC. 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

[crisis-1] Hendawi, Hamza (12 October 2014). "Yemen's crisis reflects arc of Arab Spring revolts". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.

[nyt-2] -Naggar, Mona (6 February 2015). "In Yemen, Hard Times Remain a Constant as Rebels Take Charge". The New York Times. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.

[CTC-Sentinel_2022-3] Knights, Michael; al-Gabarni, Adnan; Coombs, Casey (21 October 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The Houthi Jihad Council: Command and Control in 'the Other Hezbollah'" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 15 (10). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.

[meet-4] "Meet The Group That Now Rules Yemen". BuzzFeed. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.

[5] "Al-Qaeda thrives in Yemen amid weak security, stalled dialogue". Al Arabiya. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.

[takeover-6] -Haj, Ahmed (6 February 2015). "Yemen's Shiite rebels announce takeover of country". The Columbian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.

[installs-7] "Houthi militia installs 'presidential council' to run Yemen". Middle East Eye. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2015.

[8] "Yemen's Hadi denies Aden secession". Anadolu Agency. 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[9] Kerr, Simeon (26 February 2015). "UN and Gulf back Yemeni president Hadi amid fears of civil war". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[10] "President Hadi leaves Yemen as Saudi-led raids continue". BBC. 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

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